Comprehensive List of Biomarkers

The following list provides a comprehensive overview of common biomarkers used in various medical fields. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider for personalized guidance on which biomarkers are appropriate for individual needs.

Heart Health Biomarkers

Cholesterol / HDL Ratio (2x): Measures the ratio between total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol, indicating heart disease risk.
HDL Large: Large high-density lipoproteins, beneficial for removing cholesterol from arteries.
LDL Cholesterol (2x): Measures low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, the “bad” cholesterol that contributes to plaque buildup in arteries.
LDL Particle Number: Counts the total number of LDL particles, providing insight into cardiovascular risk.
LDL Peak Size: Measures the average size of LDL particles, with smaller particles associated with higher heart disease risk.
Lipoprotein (a): A type of LDL particle linked to increased cardiovascular risk.
Total Cholesterol (2x): Measures the sum of all cholesterol in the blood, including HDL and LDL.
Apolipoprotein B (Apo B): A protein found in LDL particles, serving as a marker for cardiovascular disease risk.
HDL Cholesterol (2x): Measures high-density lipoprotein, the “good” cholesterol that helps remove cholesterol from the bloodstream.
High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) (2x): An inflammatory marker that predicts cardiovascular risk.
LDL Medium: Measures medium-sized LDL particles, which are less atherogenic than smaller particles.
LDL Pattern: Classifies LDL particles by size, with small dense particles posing greater risk.
LDL Small: Smaller LDL particles are more likely to contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries.
Non-HDL Cholesterol (2x): Total cholesterol minus HDL cholesterol, a marker for the risk of heart disease.
Triglycerides (2x): Fat in the blood, high levels are associated with increased heart disease risk.

Thyroid Function Biomarkers

Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies (TPO): Indicates autoimmune thyroid disease, such as Hashimoto’s or Graves’ disease.
Thyroxine (T4) Free: Measures the level of free T4 hormone, important for assessing thyroid function.
Iodine: Necessary for thyroid hormone production; deficiency or excess affects thyroid function.
Thyroglobulin Antibodies (TgAb): Indicates autoimmune thyroid disease.
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Controls thyroid hormone production; high or low levels indicate thyroid dysfunction.
Triiodothyronine (T3) Free: Active thyroid hormone, essential for metabolism regulation.
Selenium: A trace element essential for thyroid hormone metabolism and antioxidant defense.

Cancer Detection Biomarkers

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA): A protein produced by the prostate, elevated levels may indicate prostate cancer.
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), Total: Measures total PSA levels, used in prostate cancer screening.
Multi-Cancer Detection Test: A panel that detects multiple cancers by identifying biomarkers related to various tumor types.
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) %: The ratio of free to total PSA, improving the specificity of prostate cancer diagnosis.

Autoimmunity Biomarkers

Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA) Screen: Detects autoantibodies that target the nucleus of cells, used in diagnosing autoimmune disorders.
Celiac Disease (Comprehensive Panel): Detects antibodies related to gluten intolerance and celiac disease.
Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA) Pattern: Helps to determine the pattern of autoantibodies to better diagnose autoimmune diseases.
Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA) Titer: Measures the concentration of ANA, indicating the severity of autoimmune diseases.
Rheumatoid Factor: An antibody often elevated in autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.

Immune Regulation Biomarkers

Eosinophils (2x): A type of white blood cell involved in allergic responses and parasitic infections.
Lyme Antibody (IgG): Indicates a previous or ongoing Lyme disease infection.
Lymphocytes (2x): White blood cells critical for immune response; abnormal levels suggest infections or autoimmune disorders.
Neutrophils (2x): A type of white blood cell essential for fighting bacterial infections.
High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) (2x): An inflammatory marker useful in assessing overall inflammation and immune response.
Basophils (2x): White blood cells involved in allergic reactions.
Lyme Antibody (IgM): Detects recent Lyme disease infection.
Monocytes (2x): White blood cells that help to fight infection and remove dead or damaged tissues.
White Blood Cell Count (2x): Indicates immune system function; abnormal levels may point to infection, inflammation, or other disorders.

Female Health Biomarkers

Pregnancy (hCG): Hormone produced during pregnancy, used to confirm pregnancy status.
Testosterone (female): Essential for maintaining muscle mass, bone density, and mood regulation.
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) (female): Regulates reproductive processes and menstrual cycles.
Prolactin (female): Involved in milk production; abnormal levels indicate pituitary gland dysfunction.
DHEA-Sulfate (female): A precursor to sex hormones; helps assess adrenal gland function.
Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH): Measures ovarian reserve, used in fertility assessments.
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG): Regulates the availability of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone.
Testosterone, Total: Total amount of testosterone in the bloodstream.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) (female): Involved in triggering ovulation and regulating menstrual cycles.
Estradiol (E2) (female): The main estrogen hormone, important for reproductive health and menstrual regulation.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) (female): Hormone crucial for ovulation and fertility; regulates menstrual cycle.
Estradiol (E2) (female): A form of estrogen, vital for reproductive health, bone density, and overall well-being.

Male Health Biomarkers

DHEA-Sulfate (male): A precursor to male sex hormones; helps assess adrenal function and overall hormonal balance.
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) (male): Regulates sperm production and overall reproductive health.
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA): Screening marker for prostate cancer and other prostate issues.
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), Total: Measures total levels of PSA to assess prostate function.
Prolactin (male): Involved in reproductive and sexual function; elevated levels may indicate pituitary disorders.
Testosterone, Total: Total amount of testosterone in the blood, essential for male sexual and reproductive health.
Estradiol (E2) (male): A form of estrogen that plays a role in bone health and regulating libido in men.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) (male): Stimulates testosterone production and regulates sperm development.
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) %: Ratio of free to total PSA to enhance the specificity of prostate cancer diagnosis.
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG): Binds to testosterone and estrogen, regulating their activity and availability in the body.
Testosterone (male): Critical for male reproductive and overall health, affecting energy, muscle mass, and libido.

Metabolic Biomarkers

Leptin: A hormone involved in regulating body weight, appetite, and metabolism.
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (2x): Measures average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months, used to monitor diabetes.
Adiponectin: A protein hormone that helps regulate glucose levels and fatty acid breakdown.
Insulin (2x): A hormone that controls blood sugar levels; imbalances can indicate diabetes or metabolic syndrome.
Uric Acid: High levels can lead to gout and are associated with metabolic conditions.
Glucose (2x): Measures blood sugar levels, essential for diagnosing diabetes and managing metabolic health.

Nutrient Biomarkers

Calcium (2x): Essential for bone health, nerve function, and muscle contraction.
Ferritin: A protein that stores iron; low levels indicate iron deficiency, while high levels may indicate inflammation or iron overload.
Iodine: Necessary for thyroid hormone production, influencing metabolism and growth.
Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC): Measures the blood’s capacity to bind and transport iron.
Magnesium: Vital for muscle function, nerve transmission, and bone health.
Omega-3: EPA + DHA: Fatty acids that reduce inflammation and support heart and brain health.
Omega-6: Arachidonic Acid: An essential fatty acid involved in inflammation and cell function.
Omega-6 / Omega-3 Ratio: Balance between pro-inflammatory (Omega-6) and anti-inflammatory (Omega-3) fatty acids, linked to heart health.
Selenium: A trace mineral essential for immune function and thyroid health.
Zinc: Supports immune function, wound healing, and DNA synthesis.
Arachidonic Acid/EPA Ratio: Measures the balance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory fatty acids.
Copper: Vital for iron metabolism and the formation of connective tissues.
Homocysteine: Elevated levels are associated with heart disease and poor vascular health.
Iron: Essential for oxygen transport and energy production; low levels indicate anemia.
Iron % Saturation: Indicates how much iron is bound to transport proteins in the blood.
Methylmalonic Acid (MMA): A marker for vitamin B12 deficiency, critical for nervous system health.
Omega-3 Total: Total amount of Omega-3 fatty acids, beneficial for heart and brain health.
Omega-6: Linoleic Acid: A type of Omega-6 fatty acid important for immune function and skin health.
Omega-6 Total: Total amount of Omega-6 fatty acids in the body, crucial for cell structure and function.
Vitamin D: Important for bone health, immune function, and reducing inflammation.

Stress & Aging Biomarkers

Cortisol: A stress hormone that helps regulate metabolism, immune response, and stress management.
Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF-1): Involved in growth and development, also plays a role in aging and longevity.
Biological Age (2x): Measures the biological wear and tear on the body, often differing from chronological age.
DHEA-Sulfate (female): Linked to stress response and aging, precursor to estrogen and testosterone.

Liver Health Biomarkers

Albumin (2x): A protein made by the liver, essential for maintaining blood volume and transporting substances in the blood.
Aspartate Transaminase (AST) (2x): An enzyme found in the liver and muscles, elevated levels indicate liver damage or muscle injury.
Total Bilirubin (2x): Measures liver function by assessing the breakdown of red blood cells.
Globulin (2x): A group of proteins that include antibodies and enzymes, important for immune function.
Alanine Transaminase (ALT) (2x): An enzyme primarily found in the liver, elevated levels suggest liver damage.
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) (2x): An enzyme related to bile duct function; elevated levels may indicate liver or bone disease.
Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT): An enzyme involved in liver function and bile production, elevated in liver disease.
Total Protein (2x): Measures the total amount of proteins in the blood, important for liver and kidney function.

Kidney Health Biomarkers

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) (2x): A waste product of protein metabolism, elevated levels indicate kidney dysfunction.
Calcium (2x): Essential for kidney function and mineral balance in the body.
Creatinine (2x): A waste product from muscle metabolism; elevated levels suggest impaired kidney function.
Potassium (2x): Helps regulate heart function, fluid balance, and muscle contraction.
Albumin (Microalbumin) – Urine: A marker of kidney damage, especially in diabetes and hypertension.
BUN / Creatinine Ratio (2x): Provides insight into kidney function and potential issues like dehydration.
Chloride (2x): An electrolyte that helps maintain fluid balance and acid-base balance.
Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) (2x): Assesses how well the kidneys are filtering waste.
Sodium (2x): An electrolyte essential for fluid balance and blood pressure regulation.
Albumin (Microalbumin) – Urine: A small protein that, when detected in urine, indicates early-stage kidney disease or damage, especially in diabetic patients.

Pancreas Health Biomarkers

Lipase: An enzyme produced by the pancreas that helps digest fats; elevated levels may indicate pancreatitis.
Amylase: Another pancreatic enzyme that helps digest carbohydrates; high levels may point to pancreatic or digestive issues.

Heavy Metal Biomarkers

Arsenic: A toxic metal; chronic exposure can lead to poisoning and long-term health issues, including cancer.
Mercury: A toxic metal that can affect the nervous system, especially with long-term exposure.
Aluminum: Elevated levels of this metal may contribute to neurological disorders and other toxic effects.
Lead: A heavy metal that, when accumulated in the body, can cause developmental and neurological issues, especially in children.

Blood Health Biomarkers

Hematocrit (2x): Measures the percentage of red blood cells in blood; used to assess anemia or polycythemia.
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC): Indicates the concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of red blood cells.
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) (2x): Measures the average size of red blood cells; useful in diagnosing different types of anemia.
Platelet Count (2x): The number of platelets in the blood, critical for blood clotting; abnormal levels indicate bleeding disorders or bone marrow issues.
Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) (2x): Measures the variation in size of red blood cells; high RDW can indicate anemia or other blood disorders.
ABO Group and Rhesus (Rh) Factor: Blood typing test that identifies ABO blood group and Rh factor, important for transfusions and pregnancy.
Hemoglobin (2x): The protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen; low levels suggest anemia.
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) (2x): The average amount of hemoglobin in red blood cells; used to diagnose and classify anemia.
Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) (2x): The average size of platelets; used in diagnosing blood disorders.
Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count (2x): The number of red blood cells in the blood; low levels indicate anemia, and high levels suggest polycythemia.

Electrolyte Biomarkers

Chloride (2x): An electrolyte that helps regulate fluid balance and maintain proper pH in the blood.
Potassium (2x): Important for maintaining normal heart and muscle function; abnormal levels may indicate kidney dysfunction or dehydration.
Carbon Dioxide (2x): Measures bicarbonate levels in the blood, helping assess lung and kidney function, and acid-base balance.
Calcium (2x): Essential for heart function, muscle contraction, nerve signaling, and bone health.
Magnesium, RBC: Measures the amount of magnesium in red blood cells, providing a more accurate indication of magnesium status than serum levels.
Sodium (2x): An essential electrolyte for regulating fluid balance, blood pressure, and nerve function.

Urine Biomarkers

Appearance (2x): A visual examination of urine to assess color, clarity, and presence of substances like blood or sediment.
Bilirubin (2x): The presence of bilirubin in urine may indicate liver disease or bile duct obstruction.
Color (2x): Changes in urine color can indicate hydration levels or the presence of blood or medication metabolites.
Hyaline Casts (2x): Cylindrical structures in urine that may indicate kidney issues or dehydration.
Leukocytes (2x): The presence of white blood cells in urine, a sign of infection or inflammation in the urinary tract.
Occult Blood (2x): Detects hidden blood in the urine, which can be a sign of kidney or urinary tract issues.
Protein (2x): Protein in urine may indicate kidney damage or disease.
Specific Gravity (2x): Measures urine concentration and hydration status.
White Blood Cell (WBC) (2x): Presence of WBCs in urine indicates infection or inflammation.
Albumin – Urine (Microalbumin): Early marker of kidney disease, especially in diabetes and hypertension.
Bacteria (2x): The presence of bacteria in urine may indicate a urinary tract infection.
Clarity (2x): The transparency of urine; cloudiness may suggest infection, blood, or crystals.
Glucose-Urine (2x): Presence of glucose in urine, often a sign of uncontrolled diabetes.
Ketones (2x): Indicates the breakdown of fat for energy; elevated levels are seen in diabetes or starvation.
Nitrite (2x): Bacterial infection in the urinary tract may convert nitrate to nitrite, which can be detected in urine.
pH (2x): Measures the acidity or alkalinity of urine; abnormal levels may indicate infection or metabolic issues.
Red Blood Cell (RBC) (2x): Presence of red blood cells in urine, indicating bleeding in the urinary tract or kidney.
Squamous Epithelial Cells (2x): Cells from the lining of the urinary tract; their presence in high numbers may indicate contamination or infection.
Yeast (2x): Indicates a fungal infection in the urinary tract, especially in immunocompromised individuals.

Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarkers

Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) Genotype: A genetic test that identifies the ApoE genotype, which can predict the risk for Alzheimer’s disease.

Allergies

Indoor & Outdoor Allergy Profile (IgE): Tests for specific IgE antibodies to common indoor (dust mites, pet dander) and outdoor (pollen, mold) allergens.
Food Allergy Profile (IgE): Tests for IgE antibodies to specific food allergens, identifying potential food allergies.

Sexual Health Biomarkers

Gonorrhea: A bacterial infection that can be detected through a urine or swab test.
HIV 1 & 2 Antigen-Antibody: Detects both HIV antibodies and p24 antigens, allowing for early detection of HIV infection.
Trichomoniasis: A parasitic infection of the genitourinary tract, often detected through urine or swab tests.
Chlamydia: A common sexually transmitted bacterial infection, detected via urine or swab samples.
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2: Tests for antibodies to both types of herpes, which can cause oral or genital sores.
RPR (Syphilis): A blood test that screens for syphilis by detecting antibodies produced in response to the infection.

Biological Age

Biological Age: A test that uses various biomarkers to determine the physiological (biological) age of your cells and tissues compared to your chronological age, providing insights into aging and overall health.

This comprehensive list of biomarkers provides essential insights into various aspects of health, from cardiovascular and thyroid health to immune function, metabolic balance, and disease detection. Regular monitoring of these biomarkers can assist in disease prevention, diagnosis, and personalized treatment plans.

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Disclaimer: The information provided in these articles is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult with a qualified healthcare professional before making any decisions about your health or starting any treatments.

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